Reading scores among 15-year-olds in the United States have fallen to the lowest level in about 25 years, according to an international education assessment. On Tuesday, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released findings from the 2025 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global metric for educational achievement. The results showed that US reading scores fell 14 points from 2022, the last time PISA results were released. The decline was part of a broader international trend, with an OECD average from 23 countries also dropping 16 points.
But the US stood out for the size of its performance gap. Some 25.7 percent of US students were ranked as low performers in reading, while 13.3 percent were flagged as top performers. “Looking across all 90 participating countries, there was not a single country with significantly wider inequality in reading scores than the US,” Michael Kieffer, a professor of literacy education at New York University, told Al Jazeera. “What is clear is that we are under-serving many students.” The PISA results come as the administration of US President Donald Trump seeks to reshape the federal government’s role in education. In March 2025, Trump issued an executive order calling on Education Secretary Linda McMahon to begin the process of dismantling the Department of Education, a federal agency that tracks student achievement, distributes federal education funds and enforces civil rights in schools. The Education Department, however, does not establish school curriculums or academic standards.
That responsibility has traditionally fallen to state and local authorities. Still, Trump pointed to slipping test scores as a reason to shutter the department. He has also denounced the department for its “entrenched bureaucracy” and called for its responsibilities to be redistributed to the states. In response to a request for comment on Tuesday, McMahon sent a statement to Al Jazeera echoing Trump’s push. “The United States of America is a nation built to lead the world, yet our one-size-fits-all federal education bureaucracy has shortchanged our children and stifled our future,” McMahon wrote.
The White House has argued that federal education spending is excessive and has failed to translate into higher standardised test scores. Since the Education Department was founded in 1979, it has spent more than $3 trillion, according to the White House. “This moment is a stress test for our nation’s future,” McMahon said in her statement to Al Jazeera. “To pass it, we must enact a hard reset that stops protecting a failed status quo and instead builds a system that empowers state leaders and embraces innovative learning options through school choice.” “School choice” has been a rallying cry for many US conservatives. The term refers to the practice of diverting taxpayer money away from public education to help parents finance alternative choices for their child’s schooling, like charter schools, homeschooling or private institutions. The practice is controversial.
Critics have accused the “school choice” system of weakening public education in favour of less regulated school systems that receive money with little oversight. But since returning to office in 2025, Trump has embraced “school choice” as a form of “educational freedom”. Last year, the Education Department announced $500m for its Charter School Program, touting the funds as the “largest investment” the initiative has ever received. The money was earmarked to allow states to expand their charter school systems and fund new charter-school developers.
In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act – Trump’s signature piece of legislation – also created the first federal tax credit for donations to organisations that provide scholarships for primary and secondary school students, including for private-school tuition and tutoring. Last month, Trump hosted a “school choice”-themed event at the White House to kick off the start of the new school year. But critics warn that greater investment in education is needed across the board to reverse diminishing test scores. “PISA 2025 shows that reversing declines in student performance is urgent,” OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann said in a statement. “The most successful education systems focus on fewer areas in greater depth, invest in teachers, engage parents and provide targeted support for the students and schools that need it the most.”
